| BLE Beacon Tag | Bluetooth Low Energy, usually 2.4 GHz | Approximately 2–10 m, depending on beacon density and calibration | About 30–100 m indoors; up to 100–300 m in open areas with suitable settings | Approximately 6 months–5 years, depending on transmission interval and battery size | Typically IP54–IP67 | Low-cost asset tracking, room-level location, visitor management, retail, and healthcare equipment | Beacon interval, TX power, battery replacement method, mobile compatibility, and gateway density |
| BLE AoA/AoD Tag | Bluetooth Low Energy direction finding, 2.4 GHz | Typically 0.3–3 m with a properly designed antenna array | Usually 20–80 m indoors, subject to walls and radio interference | Approximately 6 months–3 years | Typically IP54–IP67 | Zone-level and sub-meter tracking of tools, medical equipment, workers, and production assets | Receiver antenna design, site survey, orientation performance, firmware support, and calibration requirements |
| UWB Precision Tag | Ultra-Wideband impulse radio, commonly in the 3.1–10.6 GHz regulatory range | Approximately 10–50 cm in optimized indoor deployments | Typically 30–100 m line-of-sight; less through dense obstacles | Approximately 1 month–2 years, depending on update frequency and motion sensing | Typically IP65–IP67 | Robotics, forklifts, collision avoidance, high-value assets, worker safety, and automated warehouses | Local radio regulations, anchor installation, time synchronization, update rate, and interoperability with the positioning engine |
| Active RFID Tag | Active RFID, commonly operating in sub-GHz or 2.4 GHz bands | Approximately 3–10 m for zone or proximity positioning | About 30–150 m, depending on frequency, reader design, and environment | Approximately 1–5 years | Typically IP54–IP67 | Warehouse assets, industrial containers, personnel badges, and long-range zone monitoring | Reader compatibility, regional radio requirements, anti-collision capacity, alarm inputs, and battery replacement policy |
| Passive UHF RFID Label or Hard Tag | Passive UHF RFID, commonly within the 860–960 MHz global allocation | Usually portal, shelf, doorway, or reader-zone level rather than continuous coordinates | Up to approximately 3–15 m, depending on tag, reader power, orientation, and materials | No battery; service life commonly follows the attached product or label | Varies from paper label to IP68-rated industrial housing | Inventory control, supply-chain visibility, item identification, and automated entry/exit recording | Regional UHF band, tag material compatibility, read sensitivity, metal/liquid performance, and reader placement |
| Wi-Fi RTLS Tag | Wi-Fi, commonly 2.4 GHz and/or 5 GHz | Approximately 3–15 m using RSSI; improved systems may use time-based methods | Typically 30–100 m indoors, depending on access-point layout | Approximately 1–12 months for frequently transmitting tags | Typically IP54–IP65 | Hospitals, factories, campuses, and facilities that already operate compatible Wi-Fi infrastructure | Power consumption, network authentication, roaming behavior, access-point compatibility, and cybersecurity requirements |
| GNSS Cellular Tracker | GNSS positioning with cellular data; some models also include BLE or Wi-Fi scanning | Typically 2–10 m outdoors under open-sky conditions | Global outdoor coverage depends on the cellular subscription and network availability | Approximately several days–2 years, depending on reporting interval and battery capacity | Typically IP65–IP67 | Vehicles, shipping containers, outdoor equipment, field service, and cross-border logistics | LTE-M/NB-IoT/4G support, carrier certification, roaming, SIM or eSIM model, charging method, and data costs |
| Hybrid BLE + GNSS Tag | GNSS and cellular outdoors; BLE for local or indoor proximity detection | Approximately 2–10 m outdoors; room or zone-level indoors unless paired with additional infrastructure | Outdoor cellular coverage plus approximately 10–100 m BLE proximity range | Approximately 1 month–2 years, depending on GNSS and cellular reporting frequency | Typically IP65–IP67 | Mobile workforces, rental equipment, logistics, construction assets, and mixed indoor/outdoor operations | Fallback positioning logic, roaming agreements, geofencing, motion detection, charging access, and total connectivity cost |