| General-purpose high-strength stud | Double-ended stud with a threaded section at each end and an unthreaded shank between them. | ASTM A193 Grade B7, quenched-and-tempered alloy steel. | Many pressure-vessel, piping, and industrial bolting applications where the specified temperature and design code permit it. | Check the required diameter, thread form, grade marking, temperature limits, and whether the service environment requires additional corrosion or sour-service controls. |
| Controlled-hardness alloy-steel stud | Double-ended stud; geometry is specified separately from the material grade. | ASTM A193 Grade B7M, alloy steel with controlled hardness requirements. | Certain applications where resistance to sulfide stress cracking is a concern and the applicable sour-service requirements call for this grade. | B7M alone does not establish suitability for every sour environment. Verify hardness, heat treatment, testing, and project requirements against the applicable standard and service conditions. |
| Stainless-steel stud | Double-ended stud, commonly supplied with matching or specified nuts for the joint. | ASTM A193 Grade B8 (commonly based on Type 304 stainless steel) or Grade B8M (commonly based on Type 316 stainless steel). | Applications where corrosion resistance is important and the loads, temperature, and environment are compatible with the selected stainless grade and class. | Stainless steel is not immune to corrosion. Check the specific medium, chloride exposure, temperature, strength class, galling risk, and nut compatibility. |
| Low-temperature alloy-steel stud | Double-ended stud used with a specified low-temperature bolting assembly. | ASTM A320 Grade L7, quenched-and-tempered alloy steel with requirements for low-temperature service. | Applications designed for low-temperature service where the governing code or purchase specification calls for this grade. | Confirm the minimum design temperature, impact-test requirements, dimensional standard, and compatible nut grade. Do not substitute a general-purpose grade without engineering approval. |
| Metric structural or machinery stud | Double-ended or fully threaded stud, selected to match the joint and engagement requirements. | ISO 898-1 property class 8.8 or 10.9 carbon/alloy steel, where the product and application fall within the standard’s scope. | Metric machinery and general engineering assemblies designed around ISO property classes. | Verify that the stud product is covered by the specified requirements; check diameter, thread tolerance, property class, coating, and mating components. ISO property classes are not interchangeable with ASTM grades by name alone. |
| Tap-end stud | One end is designed for engagement in a tapped hole; the opposite end accepts a nut. Thread lengths may differ. | Material is selected separately, for example to an applicable ASTM or ISO bolting specification. | Equipment covers, engine or machinery housings, and joints where one component has a tapped hole. | Specify tap-end engagement, thread series and fit, protrusion, installation method, and the base material’s thread capacity. |